MADOFF - HIS "MADE-OFF SCAM".

Bernard Madoff was a former chairman and director of the NASDAQ in 1990.Prior to that he started his own investment company Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960. Madoff was a person of Jewish origin.His Jewish origin had resulted in Jewish Community investing huge amounts in his firm.

Bernard Madoff "made-off" with a $50 Billion scam. The scam was claimed to have taken place due to the loss suffered by Madoff's hedging operations through Eurpoean counterparties.He claims to have suffered losses due to bad trade, But investors haven't found any records as such.In order to meet with the redemption demands of clientele , he started collecting money from the people promising to pay an attractive interest rate. The investors received an attractive rate of interest on their investments which led them to invest more money in his firm. The scam was that he collected money from one person to clear his debt and then borrowed money from the 2nd person to clear the debt of the 3rd person and so on.

Ex- XYZ Bank approached Mr. Madoff for redemption of the amount which the Bank lent to him, Madoff who din't have cash started collecting money from people. If Mr. A paid 100$ to Madoff, Madoff inturn paid 200$ to Mr.A after few days by collecting money from B, Similarly He paid B 400$ by borrowing money from C&D, in order to pay C&D he again borrowed from E&F. This transactions occurred regularly & finally he had to hang up his boots.

Madoff was arrested by federal authorities on Dec. 11 and charged with securities fraud for allegedly running a Ponzi scheme - paying one set of investors with money from another.In other words a "Ponzi" scheme is a scheme in which a person pays early investors with the money put in by later ones.

The scam was named Ponzi as an Italian by name Charles Ponzi was the first person who resorted to "Get Rich Quick" scam in 1920. From then onwards any similar kind of fraud was referred to as "Ponzi" Scam.

Reknown Director Steven Spielberg and DreamWorks Animation chief executive Jeffrey Katzenberg, South California's Jewish community lost to the extent of 600 $Million , Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance lost to the extent of $3Million HSBC Bank, Royal Bank Of Scotland,United Kingdom firms have lost hundreds of millions of pounds, Major charity bodies too lost their funds.

Critics claim that the US SEC( Securities & Exchange Commission) failed to realise the threat which they could have avoided ten years ago. This scam which comes during a slump in the economy has further aggravated the financial scenario . The SEC is still investigating and estimating the extent of the actual loss suffered by the investors in this regard. Hope these kind of frauds are eliminated in order to safeguard the interests of the investors.

Indigo Airlines rallies past Kingfisher .

Low-cost carrier IndiGo is keeping its impressive track record intact. It has displaced Kingfisher Airlines from the third position as the third largest passenger carrier, and in the process has also overhauled Kingfisher Red as the largest low cost carrier.
IndiGo has notched up a market share of 14.7 per cent, closely followed by Kingfisher Red at 13.3 per cent with Kingfisher tumbling two notches to the fifth position at 11.6 per cent. This alters positions from October when Kingfisher was the third largest passenger carrier followed by Kingfisher Red and IndiGo at fourth and fifth positions respectively.
IndiGo's increased market share reflects a substantial jump in its load factor, which has climbed to 73 per cent from 66 per cent in the October-November period. Disregarding Paramount and MDLR, which operate smaller aircraft, IndiGo now has the highest load factor of 73 per cent as compared t an industry average of 63.55 per cent.
The LCC's also garnered a larger share of the market from the Air India, Jet Airways and Kingfisher, who dominate the first three spots.
As for other statistics, domestic traffic declined by a whopping 21 per cent in November as compared to the year-ago period. For the 11 months ended November this year, domestic traffic has declined by 3.9 per cent, from 39.1 million to 37.6 million.
LCCs also garnered a larger market share with SpiceJet share moving up from 9.5 per cent in October to 10.8 per cent in November even as its load factor jumped from 61 per cent to around 65 per cent. However, JetLite saw its share dip somewhat from 8.1 per cent in October to 7.7 per cent in November.

Source- (Bdomain.)

IS COMMUNISM A SOLUTION TO GLOBAL CALAMITIES?

Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation, Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Institutional Investors, Bulls, Bears, Speculation, Hedging, Equity, Growth, Profits,Inflation, Recession, Depression, Risk,Joint Ventures, mergers, terror,Aquisitions etc all these terms have evolved post capitalistic Economies.

Karl Marx in his Books- Communist Manifesto and Das Capital had constantly focussed on the domination of Communism in Asia and rest of the world. His vision was to see a World full of Communism. Communism mainly aimed at establishing a society characterised by equal distribution of Income where the disparities between the rich and poor does not exist paving way for "Zero- Tragedy" Society- A society where events like Financial Meltdown, Recession, Depression, Retrenchments, lay offs, Unemployment, Foreclosures, Liquidity crunch , rate cuts etc does not arise . These kind of economies were left far behind by the capitalistic economies which were sailing along the Economic growth tide paving way for the creation of "Enterpreneurship" whose main aim was to screw the customer to the maximum extent possible( In harsh terms). the Profit bug had driven the enterpreneurs to indulge in series of acts like Innovation , artificially creating a need and want for the people to exercise, The multiplier effect of many such events had over a period of time resulted in so called" Development, Progress, Growth,Standard of Living".

I am not against the benefits which Capitalism had resulted in , but i am Against the innumerable aftermaths of a Capitalistic Economy. History reveals that the passion to Growth and Development has resulted in Countries like France, UK, USA exploring countries like India etc and making them their colonies giving rise to Imperialism in their quest to assert supremacy over the other nations. US resorting to wars against countries like Japan, Afghanistan, Syria,Iraq,Russia( Cold War) resulting in irrepairable damage to mankind and loss of Property, Nobody can ignore the role of the US in the disintegration of the USSR,World Wars had been a constant threat, Everyone heaved a sigh of relief when UNO was formed on the 24th of October, 1945 with US enjoying the VETO Power by becoming a permanent member of UNO. But UN over a period of time had become a puppet in the hands of the US as it(UNO) turned a deaf ear to the the attacks of the US on the other countries, UNO itself has been a mute spectator to the sufferings of the African Nations like Egypt,Uganda,Somalia,Kenya, Angola,Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Congo,Sudan,Zimbabwe etc. Countries like Sierra leonne has the highest number of People whose deaths are due to Poverty law & Order crisis. Most of the african nations are known for their Massive killings, Law & Order problems, Lunacracy( I think dis is the apt word)- Govt run by lunatics, poverty, Unemployment, Child Massacres, Kidnaps, Ruling by armed forces, drug peddling, Smuggling of weapons and what not. Not to forget is the race for the nuclear arms, Country like India spends billions of dollars on purchase of arms and ammunition , India spends a whopping $20 Billion dollar on defence and remember its a developing nation, How many times hadn't terrorism striked the world, How many times haven't people lost billions of their fortunes in the Stock market mayhem?

Dont u think, capitalism & Its add ons are the root cause for all these problems? Communism On the other hand aimed at making the world a better place to live. As a human being irrespective of Capitalism or Communism, I believe in" Live and Let live", what's ur call?

AN OPEN LETTER TO THE P.M.

"IT CAN'T GET BETTER THAN THIS"- mark my words friends, this article is a true eye opener, it was published in Mint on 10th December, This was authored by an IAS Officer- Its an outspokenly frank opinion of his.Here it goes....

Mr. Prime Minister, you were selected, not elected by the people, for just one reason, that you posed no threat to anyone in the Congress party. You were not selected for your excellent PhD or for your integrity; not even for your competence as a civil servant. You were considered the least of all evils.
Yet, the educated middle class, including I, celebrated your appointment for we all respected your integrity, credibility and competence, and thought you would bring these to bear on your new job.
Today, after four years in office and after India has witnessed an act of war on its own soil, your government has lost all credibility with the people, and the buck stops with you. You are scared to even name Pakistan in your speeches in spite of the so-called irrefutable evidence you claim to have; nay, in fact, each time you say something publicly about this now, it sounds like a condolence message, not something that inspires confidence. Economic reforms stopped long ago, for your allies didn’t want them; there are many ministers in your cabinet who have perfected Wal-Mart’s cashand-carry model and you can’t do a damn about it. You have failed on all counts as a leader. So, at least now, when India is under attack on its own soil, please act. And if you can’t act, please get out of the way and allow someone more effective to run the country.
In any district, where there is any act of violence, normally the district magistrate and the superintendent of police get shifted out. As PM, can you not sack or transfer your national security adviser, the Intelligence Bureau chief, the Coast Guard director general, the navy chief—can you or can you not get rid of your entire top brass and send a signal down the line? The signal you are now sending with your inaction is: don’t bother doing your job, for even if the country gets attacked, we won’t touch you.
You have personally demonstrated integrity, but what use is that alone, when almost every key minister in your cabinet is treating every file as an opportunity for cash flows? Are you telling us you don’t know that your telecom, environment and shipping ministries are the home of organized mafias looting the exchequer? What use is it telling us, “Look, I am personally honest, but I’m presiding over a band of dacoits, murderers and thugs. I am only the prime minister and can’t do anything about it”?
What use is it to head a government, Mr PM, when you can’t even protect your citizens from terror, which is the first function of any government? When you can’t act against incompetence or organized corruption in your own cabinet? Is the PM’s job so important beyond the call of your conscience that you want to hang on to it at any cost? Sir, may I remind you that you are holding a trust, not just an office.
Rashid Ahmed, a prominent minister under Pervez Musharraf and Nawaz Sharif, boasted on Pakistan TV just a few weeks ago that he ran camps to train fighters. Our actors and assorted builders all seem perfectly capable of accessing Dawood Ibrahim at will, yet we don’t have the guts to take him out.
Your home minister kept combing his hair and did nothing more as India reeled under attacks and you tolerated him because loyalty to a family was more important than the blood of innocent people.
Scores of journalists have published details of the terror network including names and addresses and every time, the Pakistani government has brazenly denied them. Don’t forget it denied the existence of its nuclear programme, too, for years. How can you expect it to suddenly confess, when for most of the previous two decades, ISI and Pakistan’s army have nurtured jihadis to fight its proxy wars in Kashmir and Afghanistan? Today, the monster is so big that ISI can’t control it even if it wants to.
Even with the most sophisticated intelligence and security systems, history suggests that you cannot stop an indoctrinated suicide bomber. But that doesn’t mean we don’t put those systems in place, at least to serve as deterrents to many more who would otherwise be tempted to take a shot. Convince the nation, give us one good reason to believe that such an attack won’t happen again.
We don’t need a Rambo today, so please don’t attack Pakistan in the heat of the moment, for we all know the limits of hard power after the US misadventure in Iraq. Can you not pour money into technology and arm our security agencies (the Chinese spent $6 billion on security during the Olympics alone), invest in setting up a highly sophisticated counter-intelligence agency, get the Mossad to train our commandos, step up the diplomatic offensive at every forum to isolate Pakistan and, most importantly, come down heavily on corruption at all levels, starting with your cabinet? Can you not ensure simple reforms in the criminal justice system (which scores of committees such as Malimath have outlined) to ensure certainty of punishment for any offence from pickpocketery to terror? Can you not lead legislation to keep criminals out of politics and try to stem the flow of illegal money into campaign funding?
If not, then what use is it being a prime minister if, even after reaching the very top, you can’t do a damn in an hour of national crisis? Soon, all this will be forgotten and it will be back to business as usual.
But then, history will judge you. If you have some conscience left, please do something. Don’t forget, “mind without heart, intelligence without conduct, cleverness without goodness are all tools, but only for mischief”.

AVIATION SECTOR PARADOX!

The entire nation was taken by surprise when Kingfisher was to collaborate with its arch rival Jet Airways, This alliance was formed mainly to cut down their operational costs, excess capacity & sharing Codeshare agreements. The Aviation sector was badly hit by the burgeoning Crude prices resulting in a loss of 4000 Crore to the Indian Aviation Sector. The Crude at present is trading in the $40 per barrell , However recessionary pressures owing to the global financial meltdown have led to a steep decline in the flow of passengers to and from abroad which inturn had been a matter of concern to the Indian Aviation Sector. All these factors have resulted in most of the Aviation Sector players hanging their boots as far as recruitments are concerned, Interestingly Indigo Airlines is going on a hiring spree when the giants like Kingfisher and jet Airways are cooling their hiring heels. Lets look at the factors which resulted to this behaviour.

KingFisher Airlines mainly caters to 3 different classes of customers namely- Business, premium and Lowfare. lowfare services are provided by Kingfisher Red( Formerly Air Deccan). Kingfisher Spends a lot on its Ambience, pays a very high salary to its Chic Air Hostesses, Its Therapeutic Massage seats too come at an expensive price, all these factors adding up to their costs. The fleet size of Kingfisher is 86 ( Each Flight costs no less than $50 Million on the lower side), For 86 Aircrafts they spent $4,300 million. They have a standing order of further 164 Aircrafts tantamounting to $9,840 million. They cover 69 local destinations and 1 International Destination. They will be soon operating international flights to Singapore, Hongkong, Bangkok, Colombo, Dhaka, Dubai, Male and chittagong. They are already operating Flights to London. Owing to their Vision of catering to the international markets they went on an expansion spree in the past. They operate 218 flights a day. Moreover Kingfisher picked up a 26% stake in Air Deccan for 550 crores. Thus their stake in Air Deccan and the heavy capital expenditure in the purchase of aircrafts has resultied in a very high leverage ratio( Ratio of Debt to Capital) for Kingfisher Airlines, Standing payments to the placed order of 164 aircrafts has further starined their leverage, Excess capacity( Ex- If seat Capacity is 150 , only 50 tickets may be booked meaning an excess capacity of 100 seats) has been one of their concern. As Kingfisher is a premium segment player, they come at a high price which is resulting people to opt for other low cost carriers. The Expenditur on Advertising and promotion by Kingfisher is also a factor of high costs incurred.

Jet Airways which was formed in 1993, took over Air Sahara few years back for a whopping 1450 Crores. It has a fleet size of 85 Aircrafts, operating 357 flights daily to 42 local destinations and 17 International Destinations. Its Investments on Aircrafts is around $5100 million. Its standing orders for purchase of Aircrafts has not been disclosed. It employs around 14,000 employees. Jet Airways too is a premium segment Aviation Sector player paving way for passengers to opt for low cost carriers. t has to pay for all the International Codesharing agreements too along with the domestic codesharing costs.

Fuel Suppliers IOC, HPCL and ONGC have been forcing them to pay the outstanding amounts immediately as they(Fuel Suppliers) were also wrecked by the high fuel prices.All the above factors have led to very high leverage ratio for Kingfisher Airlines and Jet Airways thus forcing them to cut their operational costs by resorting to layoffs and other techniques.

More over the Govt. Charges a surcharge of around 2000 rs for every ticket making the travel more dearer to the travellers. Global Financial meltdown has already resulted in a steep decline in the flow of passengers to and from abroad , Recent Terror strikes in Mumbai has already resulted in the cancellation of trips by the foreigners and is likelt to affect the prospects of Indian Tourism thus aggravating the woes of the Giant Airlines.

On the Otherhand Indigo Airlines is a comparatively a new entrant in the field of Aviation (established in Mid 2006). It has a fleet size of 19. It owns only Airbus A 320's with a seating capacity of 180 . It being the most preferred low cost carrier, the issue of excess capacity is not much a matter of concern. It covers across 38 cities leaving it ample scope for exploring new markets and improving its market share of 11%. It is mainly a domestic carrier and does not cater to any international destinations. As it owns a small fleet size and as it did not have any takeover commitments, its leverage ratio is relatively superior compared to the Giants( Kingfisher and Jet) thus allowing them to optimally utilise the availability of low cost skilled labour in the current market conditions. The global financial meltdown and the Mumbai terror attack has not greatly affected the domestic passenger turnover. In economic terms law of increasing returns to scale is being witnesses in this Airline due to the relatively high efficiency of the work force.The Expenditure on advertising and promotion by Indigo Airlines is very meagre too thus leaving it a favourable leverage ratio.

In terms of Product Life Cycle, Indigo Airlines is in the growth stage unlike the Giants who are in a stage of maturity and are poised for a decline if the International crisis does not cease. The Global Phenomenon has been the main cause of the untoward shaping of the Giants of the Indian Aviation Industry who together account for 60% of market share.

The White Good Allowance!

ONGC- Oil & natural Gas Commission initiated this innovation recently, It is aimed at retaining the employees! Its a benefit where in an employee is offered between a lac and 4 lacs depending on his rank. The product purchased through the loan will belong to the company. The employee would be required to pay 0.10 % of the purchase value as monthly hiring charge to the company. he needs to make this payment for seven consecutive years after which he compulsorily buys it back at depreciated value and becomes eligible for the benefit again.
For Ex- Assume a Person buys a Car worth 4 Lacs, Whose life is 10 Years and its scrap value is 20000/- then Depreciation= 400000-20000= 380000/10= 38000 Per Annum.Assuming a straight line Method, His benefits will be as follows-

Year BOY Value Depreciation EOY VALUE
1 400000 38000 362000

2 362000 38000 324000

3 324000 38000 286000
4 286000 38000 248000
5 248000 38000 210000
6 210000 38000 172000
7 172000 38000 134000

So at the end of the 7th year the vale of 4 Lac car is 134000/- Rs.
The emplyee was also paying the hire charges for 7 Years. Hire Charges= 0.10% of 400000= 400 Per Month.
for 7 Years,charges = 84*400 = 33600/-
Total Cost= 33600 + 134000 = 167600/-
Net benefit = 400000-167600= 232400.
This is how the White good benefit is Calculated.BOY= Beginning of Year. EOY= Ending of Year.

The Great Depression 0f 1929- How it Occurred and why it Occurred!

The stock market crash of 1929, usually cited as the beginning of the Great Depression, was preceded by the Roaring '20s, a period when the American public discovered the stock market and dove in head first. The crash wiped out many people's investments and the public confidence was at an astonishing low. When bank failures erased the savings of those who weren't even invested in the stock market, people were shattered. Although the market crash was unavoidable, the bank failures could have been prevented with better regulation. In the crash of 1929, the Fed resorted cutting the money supply by nearly a third, thus choking off hopes of a recovery. Consequently, many banks suffering liquidity problems simply went under. The Fed's harsh reaction, while difficult to understand, may have occurred because it wished to give Wall Street some tough love by refusing to bail out careless banks.
Economist feel that by increasing the money supply and keeping interest rates low during the roaring twenties, the Fed triggered the rapid expansion that preceded the collapse. In some ways, it set up the market bubble leading to the crash and then kicked the economy when it was down.
Milton Friedman( Nobel Prize Winner for Economics) rightly suggested that the Fed's mismanagement of the economic situation greatly contributed to the Great Depression, there still would probably have been a minor recession regardless of government involvement. The government soon came to regret the freedom it had granted the Federal Reserve as it stood by during the crash of 1929 and refused to prevent the Great Depression that followed. Even now, it is hotly debated whether the Fed could have stopped the depression, but there is little doubt that it could have done more to soften and shorten it by providing lower interest rates to allow farmers to keep planting and businesses to keep producing. The high interest rates may even have been responsible for the unplanted fields that turned into dust bowls. By restricting the money supply at a bad time, the Fed starved out many individuals and businesses that might otherwise have survived.The RecoveryIt was World War II, not the Federal Reserve, that lifted the economy out of the depression. The war benefited the Federal Reserve as well by expanding its power and the amount of capital it was called on to control for the Allies. After the war, the Fed was able to erase some of the bad memories from the depression by keeping interest rates low as the U.S. economy went on a bull run that was virtually uninterrupted until the '60s.

A Tribute to the Heroes of the Mumbai Terror Attack!!

I severely condemn the death of 3 of our valiant Police Officers( Anti Clockwise)- Ashok Kamte, Hemant Karkare, Vijay Salskar and the death of hundreds of civilians, Army officers and commandos of NSG who laid down their lives for the Nation.

The 3 police officers in particular were known for their Counter Terrorist and Counter Insurgency Operations. Vijay Salskar and Hemant Karkare were Encounter Specialists while Ashok Kamte was Known for his Rough n Tough handling of terrorists and goons, he was also in news for taking on Ravikant Patil- MLA.

When most of the Youth through out the world are busy shaking their asses to the beats of the music in Discos and Pubs, People like Sandeep Unnikrishnan and many more who joined army at the age of 19-24 have sacrificed their lives for the nation.

"HAIL THE SOULS OF THE DEPARTED"

Pros and Cons of Capital Account Convertibility

Capital Account and Current Account are two essential components of Balance of Payments which is the difference between the aggregate inflows and outflows of a country's services, goods, expenditure abroad by Indians, expenditure in India by foreign nationals, Investments abroad, Investments in India by Non Indians, Transfer payments, Interest paid and received etc.

Current Account mainly deals with the trade related aspects which are known as the visible items and the services which are known as the invisible items. It also includes the transfer payments, expenditure of foreigners in India and vice versa.

Capital Account on the other hand refers to the Investments made by Foreign Nationals and Foreign institutions in India, along with the Inter country grants received by India. The Investments made in India and grants received constitute the credits and the Investments made abroad by India and grants by India to other countries constitute the debits.

Current account or capital account convertibility refers to the conversion of local financial assets into foreign currency or the conversion of foreign financial assets into the local currency at the prevailing market exchange rate.

Capital account convertibility is a much important matter of concern as capital account convertibility in particular refers to the withdrawal of Investments by foreign Bodies.

How does it affect?

As capital account mainly deals with the Investments by foreign nationals in mamoth projects like Construction of Dams, ports, infrastructure development, Power projects, Energy Projects , Realty,Green Field Investments which generally require huge amounts.

From the Foreign Investor Point of view- a cent percent convertibility or Full convertibility of capital account will confer him the right to withdraw his investments completely whenever he feels like, which in turn may cripple the progress of the domestic economy due to the stagnation of work owing to paucity of funds. Many developing countries generally resort to partial convertibility where in the Foreign Investor can only partially with draw his investments when a need arises, thus mitigating the risk to a great extent. As the cumulative figures of Capital Investments by foreigners amount to billions of rupees,Developing nations opt for a partial convertibility .

For example- Indian Stock Market which was at 21K in mid Jan this Year shed around 65% of its wealth owing to Inflationary and Recessionary pressures. A fuller capital account convertibility could have resulted in further more damage to it along with further withdrawal of FII and FDI activity.

Prospects of Full Convertibility-

It will result in a substantial increase in Inflows of Foreign Investments into India, thus infusing more funds and providing ample scope of an accelerated progress but at the same time it leaves a huge risk of foreign investors backing out incase of any untoward events or incidents.

India always adopts a conservative approach( just like the attitude of its people) by allowing partial capital account convertibility, Tarapore Committee made a thorough analysis of capital account convertibility and suggested that India should allow fuller capital account convertibility.
On the other hand USA whcih has gone through a recession nine times and recovered, since 1930's follows a full capital account convertibility leaving it more proned to risk.

But always remember - "It is better Safe than sorry".

For a Crystal clear understanding of Capital account Composition check out the following link.

http://in.youtube.com/watch?v=QE6819vVrCA

OPEC-13

OPEC- Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries is a cartel of 13 countries, mainly dealing in the export of crudes. These countries play a pivotal role in determining the supply of Crude.

Following are the list of Its members along with their Brand name of their Crude Oil.

Country Brand name

1. Algeria - Saharan Blend.

2.Angola - Girassol

3.Ecuador - Oriente

4. Indonesia - Minas

5.Iran - Iran Heavy

6.Iraq- Basra Lite

7.Kuwait - Kuwait Export

8.Libya - Es Sider

9.Nigeria- Bonny Light

10.Qatar- Qatar Marine

11. Saudi Arabia- Arab Light

12.U.A.E- Murban

13Venezuela - BCF 17.

An Insight into the Monetary policy of India.

The Monetary Policy of India mainly aims at promoting economic growth by maintaining price stability.

The R.B.I meets regularly to decide what, if anything, to do with interest rates or Cash Reserve Ratios. Cash Reserve Ratio is defined as the percentage of cash which the commercial banks have to maintain with the Reserve Bank or Central bank of the country .

Stock traders almost always rejoice when the RBI cuts interest rates, but does a rate cut equal good news for everyone?

The interest rates, CRR are very important as many other rates, domestic and international, are linked directly to it or move closely with it, along with them the investment prospects and the quantum of loan disbursement also depends to a great extent .

Why Does It Change?

The interest rates, CRR, SLR ( Statutory Liquidity Ratio- The percentage of liquid assets which the bank has to maintain with itself) , PLR(Prime lending rate- Rates at which banks lend loans to the consumers) are monetary policy tools used to achieve the R.B.I's goals of price stability (low inflation or to overcome recessionary pressures) and sustaining economic growth. Changing the rates influences the money supply, beginning with banks and eventually affect consumers.

The R.B.I lowers interest rates in order to stimulate economic growth. Lower financing costs can encourage borrowing and investing. However, when rates are too low they can spur excessive growth and perhaps inflation. Inflation results in decrease of purchasing power and could undermine the sustainability of the desired economic expansion. On the other hand, when there is too much growth the R.B.I raises interest rates. Rate increases are used to slow inflation and return growth to more sustainable levels. Rates cannot get too high, because more expensive financing could lead the economy into a period of sluggishness. A rate cut could help consumers save money by reducing interest payments on certain types of financing that are linked to prime or other rates which tend to move in tandem with the RBI's rates.

A rate cut can prove beneficial for home financing, but the impact depends on what type of mortgage the borrower has, fixed or floating, and which rate the mortgage is linked to.For fixed-rate mortgages, a rate cut will have no impact on the amount of the monthly payment. Low rates can be good for potential homebuyers, but fixed-rate mortgages do not move directly with the RBI's rate changes. A rate cut changes the short-term lending rate, but fixed-rate mortgages are based on long-term rates, which do not fluctuate as much as short-term rates. When the RBI resorts to a rate cut, floating-rate payments will decrease. The amount by which a mortgage payment changes will depend on the rate the mortgage uses when it resets.

This is how the monetary policy affects the working capital requirements of companies, investment prospects of induviduals throught out the country, disposable incomes of people, Mobilisation of savings and eventually result in the growth of the nation.

Rupee Depreciation v/s Dollar appreciation.

The recent uptrend in the value of dollar with respect to rupee and other currencies can be attributed to few factors.

1- G-7 mechanisms.

2- Crude and Dollar relationship.

3- Gold and Dollar relationship.

4- Indian Context.

G-7 mechanisms- The G-7 nations own huge assets and have large exposures in dollar holdings, so a fall in the value of dollar results in the decline of their wealth and a rise in the value of the assets will result in boosting their dollar holdings wealth. The current uptrend is not purely bases on the Market mechanisms but based on the G-7 Mechanisms.

2- Crude and Dollar relationship- Crude and Dollar enjoy an inverse elationship which means that a consistent rise in price of crude will result in decline in the value and demand for dollars and vice versa. This is due to the fact that Crude is pegged to dollars, Crude can be traded only in dollars, before purchasing crude nation need to pep up their dollar reserves to make crude transactions. when the price of crude tends to be very high , Nations try to resort to using crude very conservatively and purchase less of crude , in this scenario the demand for dollars decrease and on the other hand when the crude tumbles nations try to accumulate their dollar reserves to purchase more of crude, this results in the surge in the value of Dollar.

3- Gold and Dollar- Financial crisis has resulted in the shifting the focus from the capital markets to the commodities market, Among the commodities gold iss the safest bet, Gold too is traded in dollars, People try to accumulate the gold reserves for which they buy or demand lot of dollars which actually results in a surge in the value of dollar.

4- Indian Context- It is a fact that whenever RBI purchases dollar against rupee the value of dollar rises against the rupee and when RBI tries to sell the Dollars against Rupee the Dollar declines against the Rupee. RBI in the recent years had always accumulated Dollar reserves but never sold its dollar reserve holdings. The Forex reserves of India as on 7th Nov-08 stands at $244,059 Million.

The Conservative stands of RBI has resulted in its not disposing of the dollar reserves. If the Rupee continues to get the beating gainst the dollars, RBI might end up resorting to some stringent measures to curb the Dollar Domination against the Rupee.

So Let's wait for the moves of the RBI.

Along comes another crisis!!

Just when the whole world is deep in fears of recession creeping in, Prominent automakers General Motors and Ford Motors jolted the already gloomy sentiments of the investors by announcing a loss of 4.2 Billion $(GM) and ford too ended up depleting its asset base by 7.7 Billion $ following which ford has announced to resort to Job cuts and layoffs.The US Auto Industry is reportedly seeking billions of dollars as financial aid from the Federal. Ford on the other hand is looking for a bridge loan.

After the financial crisis the next potential threat was deemed to be the Credit card crisis but looks like the autocrisis is likely to hit earlier than it.

History of sorts!

Barack Obama created history of all sorts by becoming the first Black President of the U.S. Having won at a time when the nation was amidst economic crisis, the whole world awaits the moves of the 44 th President of the U.S. as his moves will play a pivotal role in determing the fate of the country.

Apart from the history of being the first black person to represent U.S., The U.S.stock markets created another history of sorts by stumbling down to a level, which was never witnessed on the day when the Presidential election results were out.

Barack Obama will be sworn in in January, so hope the whole world awaits a dynamic leader to rein supreme and lead the nation to glory no matter how the circumstances wary.

"Barack Obama - heal the world from the ongoing trauma".

Japan Follows the footsteps of its Asian Counterparts.

Bank of Japan cut down the interest rates for the first time in 7 years in order to protect its economy from the onslaught of the financial crisis which has been deepening day by day. It has followed the footsteps of its counterparts- India and China. US too had gone for a rate cut.

Apart from the interest rate cut the nation awaits more measures from the Japanese central bank to infuse liquidity in to the market. Moreover the economic growth estimates of Japan have dwindled to a new low due to the global fears of recession creeping in.Financial crisis had its toll on japan too.

Its now wait n watch for the measures to be initiated by its central bank.

RISK MITIGATION!!!

High market volatility often ends up in drastically affecting the stock performance, which results in a need for risk mitigation. In Life there is no " Control Z",the same with the stock Markets, during recession or Bear markets its always " Better safe than sorry". In these market conditions there is a need for horizontal risk mitigation where in a person's portfolio comprises of more scrips and the amount to be invested in each scrip will be spread over the number of scripts.

Apart from the number of scripts, its important that the defensive stocks - Pharma stocks and FMCG Stocks hold a major share of the portfolio in order to minimise risk and optimise returns during the recessionary periods. Many Pharma stocks and FMCG stocks have fared well in comparison to the other scripts during these periods. When most of the stocks hit new low, Few of the pharmaceutical and FMCG stocks reached new highs during recessionary and bear market conditions.

If one would like to keep away from stocks then its better to opt for any bonds, Gold ETF's, Fixed Deposits and government securities.

CHINA'S Economic Growth witnessing a slowdown mode!

China's economic growth estimates tumbled to below 10% for the first time in 3 years further sending shivers down the spines about possibility of a recession creeping in, adding to its woes the Quarterly results announced by the US Firms ended up negatively, pulling down the dow by around 5.2% and nasdaq by around 4.6% which resulted in them ending up at 5 year lows! The European markets were hit by around 4.5% along with the asian markets which ended up in the red!
Economists feel that the bottom has not been hit yet, US Treasury predicts that the recovery will begun only in the late 2009. On the other hand, Nymex Crude ended up low by 7% at around $67 a barrel- 16 month low, due to the recession fears and rising inventories of the Oil Firms in the US. The Price of oil is further expected to decline drastically once the world confirms that Recession has crept in!

NEW STOCK MARKET TERMS - Post Financial Crisis.

I Came across a mail, i thought of sharing with you all! A Laugh riot!!! Humour in Crisis!
CEO --Chief Embezzlement Officer.

CFO-- Corporate Fraud Officer.

BULL MARKET -- A random market movement causing an investor to mistake himself for a financial genius.

BEAR MARKET -- A 6 to 18 month period when the kids get no allowance, the wife gets no jewelry, and the husband gets no sex.

VALUE INVESTING -- The art of buying low and selling lower.

P/E RATIO -- The percentage of investors wetting their pants as the market keeps crashing.

BROKER -- What my broker has made me.

STANDARD & POOR -- Your life in a nutshell.

STOCK ANALYST -- Idiot who just downgraded your stock.

STOCK SPLIT -- When your ex-wife and her lawyer split your assets equally between themselves.

FINANCIAL PLANNER -- A guy whose phone has been disconnected.

MARKET CORRECTION -- The day after you buy stocks.

CASH FLOW-- The movement your money makes as it disappears down the toilet.

YAHOO -- What you yell after selling it to some poor sucker for $240 per share.

WINDOWS -- What you jump out of when you're the sucker who bought Yahoo @ $240 per share.

INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR -- Past year investor who's now locked up in a nuthouse.

PROFIT -- An archaic word no longer in use.
--

PAUL KRUGMAN WINS NOBEL PRIZE.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on Monday announced that American Paul Krugman has won the Nobel economics prize "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity."
"What are the effects of free trade and globalisation? What are the driving forces behind worldwide urbanisation? Paul Krugman has formulated a new theory to answer these questions," the academy said in its citation.
The citation said Krugman's approach is based on the premise that many goods and services can be produced at less cost in long series, a concept known as economies of scale.
Krugman is an American economist, columnist, author, and intellectual. He is professor of economics and international affairs at Princeton University, and is also a columnist for The New York Times, writing a blog and a twice-weekly op-ed column for the newspaper since 2000.
Krugman was born into a Jewish family and grew up on Long Island, and majored in economics (though his initial interest was in history) as an undergraduate at Yale University. He earned a Ph.D from MIT in 1977 and taught at Yale, MIT, UC Berkeley, the London School of Economics, and Stanford University before joining the faculty of Princeton University, where he has been since 2000.
Other awards:
1991, American Economic Association, John Bates Clark Medal
2002, Editor and Publisher, Columnist of the Year
2004, Fundaci�n Pr�ncipe de Asturias (Spain), Prince of Asturias Awards in Social Sciences, the "European Pulitzer"
2004, Doctor of Humane Letters honoris causa, Haverford College

He has authored a few books with Wells including Economics: European Edition (with Robin Wells and Kathryn Graddy, Spring 2007); Macroeconomics (with Robin Wells, February 2006); Economics (with Robin Wells, December 2005); and Microeconomics (with Robin Wells, March 2004). From 1982 to 1983, he spent a year working at the Reagan White House as a staff member of the Council of Economic Advisers.

A BREATHER FOR THE MARKETS!

After the "Horror week" siphoned off millions of Investor wealth, The Markets through out the world recovered significantly owing to the provision of bail out package by the European Government. Asian Markets rallied, followed by a rally in the European Markets and the day ended up with the Wallstreet posting its highest intraday gain ever. The British Government took over the RBS(Royal Bank of Scotland) and HBOS.

Markets hit by Finami!!!!!!!!

Markets through out the world were hit by a FINAMI( Financial Tsunami) , Markets thru out the world eroded the wealth drastically owing to a huge decline in the global markets. Financial crisis hitting the European nations has added to the further woes of the investors.

Indian stock markets which i thought were substantially better when compared to the other Asian, Europoean and American counterparts was itself hit by around 1028 Points in the intraday, 11000 was considered to be the support levels but the level was breached yesterday itself, later Sensex recovered to around 10528 levels, rising doubts of a further fall is the fact that the european markets ended up lower by around 5% even yesterday. Outcome of G-7 Visit might end up helping the markets!

Indian stock markets were hit by a couple of badnews namely- IIP Rate was at 1.1 % compared to 10.6% last year, Inflation at 11.8% , Good news being RBI Cutting down the CRR by 150 basis points thus infusing around 60,000 crores into the market, aiming to easen the credit squeeze. by ending the day at 10528 sensex is trading at half the levels of all time high(21607) which was touched in January- 08.

Bears rule the roost!

The Indian stock markets nose dived by around 6%, amidst global fears and fears of the financial crisis which hit the European nations as well. The European stock markets were down by around 5 % on saturday and 7.5% yesterday indicating that the markets might be facing a downturn even today. The major stock exchanges through out the world were down by around 5 % Yesterday. The era of globalisation has resulted in the interdependence of stock exchanges through out the world resulting in further volatility i.e( Ex- A crash in US markets will have an impact on the Indian Markets as well).

The Indian stock market(BSE) ended up breaching the most crucial support levels of 12000 and ended up at 11800 Points. This was mainly triggered by offloading by the FII's and panic selling among the investors amidst global financial and Stock market turmoil. All these will only result in aggravating the sentiments of the market by leading people to believe that recession has crept in.Even SEBI's( Securities and Exchange board of India) favourable moves on allowing the Participatory notes could not stop the Indian Stock markets from the blushes of downtrend.

After SEBI's move on P-Notes, RBI had cut down the CRR( Cash reserve Ratio) by 50 basis points on Monday, But the European Stock Indices were down by 7% and the US Markets down by 3.5%, So lets see whether the move of RBI will offset the negative sentiments of the Indian Stock Markets.

On the other hand, Long term investors can start accumulating attractive buys.

Signing off for now- will be back after 2 days.

Warren Buffettaaya Namaha!!!!!!!!!

Dollars flash across the mind the moment his name is uttered, Also regarded as the " Oracle of Omaha"-That's his persona, charm, Wisdom Investing, Value investing - Yes Its Warren Buffett, regarded as one of the greatest investors ever. He plays bridge game with Bill Gates and Allen Paul for 12 Hours a week! He made an official announcement regarding giving away his 83% of his fortune to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. This a classic proof of his Philantropism.

When the whole world tries to make money out of a booming market, he tries to make money by investing in the crashing markets.

Buffett warned in 2003 that mortgage-backed derivatives named as the C.D.O.'s ( Collateral debt obligations) were “financial weapons of mass destruction” and that, while the Federal Reserve system was created in part to prevent financial contagion, “there is no central bank assigned to the job of preventing the dominoes toppling in insurance or derivatives,” Buffett's views. The fed paid no heed to it and you know who is right!

I happened to come across an article suggesting the youngsters to stop investing on their creditcards and to start investing in themselves, which impressed me a lot, I even came across a mail dealing with his childhood info that he got a share at the age of 7( if i m not mistaken), having read this i instantly became one of his millions of admirers.

A week back he was in news for his decision on investing $5 Billion in Goldman Sachs, Now he is back in the limelight once again for investing $3 Billion in GE.The whole world eagerly awaits his next moves.

He is Known for his principal of " Entering the markets at a time when people think there cant be anything worse than the markets" . His sense & Simplicity has won many a hearts worldwide. His Investments in the Chinese Markets ended up the scrip higher by around 30 %, that's the Buffett impact.

At a time when the Fed and the Treasury were waiting for Private persons to pour in Money, Buffett entered like a heaven sent angel, much to the relief of the Fed. With the Fed infusing $700 Billion bailout, he (Buffett) expects GE and Goldman Sachs to comegood amidst the global turmoil, which buffett feels will start to stabilise once the bailout is done.

People worldwide can atleast follow the footsteps of Warren Buffett and start investing in the downtrodden times in order to pep up the market conditions before it is too late.

Remember- " There is never a wrong time for doing the right step".

INVESTOPHOBIA- Buzz Word of the Buzz Town

Investophobia- Fear of investments might have hit the investors worldwide badly. With the financial crisis which hit US hard, seems to spread its fang to the European markets as well. The global markets have already witnessed a meltdown in the last few months sparing no market. The Markets globally have shaved off around 30-35% of the Market Cap owing to the Crisis.All indicators of the global economies heading towards a recession. The US Markets- considered to be the Big Daddy of all the Markets is itself hit by credit crunch , adding to its woes is the credit freeze , though the bail out plan was passed by the congress, the Post-Bailout outplan sent the market reeling down by 3.5 % indicating that bailout plan is just not enough to end the myriad sufferings of the investors.

The Jobless Claims in the US hit a 7 Year low, the aftermath of the financial crisis is further likely to take the Jobless claims to a new low. Fed's Rate cutting rampage will nowhere result in reviving the crashed markets.

An alternative for improving the employment rate needs to be targeted first. All that matters now is the time the Economy would take to reinstate itself in a stable condition and sustain the momentum for a marginal recovery.

The Sub-Prime Mortgage Crisis.

The sub-Prime mortgage crisis is considered to be the root cause for the financial meltdown in the U.S. Economy.

What Actually is Sub- Prime Mortgage Crisis?

The creditworthiness of the consumer is taken as a base to determine whether he falls in the Prime category or the subprime category.

Prime Category refers to people who have a good creditworthiness, They are offered loans at a lower rate of interest when compared to that of the Sub prime category. Sub Prime refers to people with not a good creditworthiness, They are charged a higher rate of interest when compared to that of the Prime Category.

The advantages to the banks when catering to a subprime category customer is that they charge a higher rate of interest due to the risk involved. The risk involved is the possibility of a delay in making the payments or possibility of non-repayment of the amount. In order to mitigate the risk they resort to mortgaging property.

The Housing Bubble- It started of in the Year 2002, when the property value started to increase rapidly and the demand for homes skyrocketed. People ended up making a business out of this phenomenon by mortgaging their property and buying a house, holding it for few days and then selling it to a prospective customer at a premium.

Evolution of C.D.O. - The federal government evolved the C.D.O.- Collateral Debt Obligation- A debt instrument which can be traded in the markets. Ex- X Co. lent a loan of say $2 Million repayable in 20 Years and if it feels that the customer is not likely to repay, it will sell the same to a financial institution for say $1.5 Million. The advantage for X Co. is that it gets back $1.5 Million immediately( Had it not traded CDO- It might or might not have got back the amount in a stipulated period say- 20 Yrs). The Advantage to the Finance Company is the $.5 Million(Difference between 2 Million and 1.5 Million) and the monthly interest is paid by the customer to the financial institution.

The problem started when the Housing Bubble reached its saturation point. A point at which almost everyone had an own house, from this point the prices started to take a downtrend, downtrend was very huge with almost 60-70 % fall in the prices of Houses. People who were mainly making a business of the boom in housing prices started to feel the pinch, Their repayment capacity along with the Value of the houses had gone for a toss forcing them to file for banktruptcy.

The Mortgage banks had to face with even more problems in the form of non payment of interest, non payment of Principal , Foreclosures and a steep decline in the prices of property had resulted in the potential of earning a very meagre amount out of the sale of a house.

Ex- Say A had pledged a House Property worth 1 Million and took a loan of say 800,000. In the event of repayment ,Bank disposes of the House property which was pledged earlier and due to the steep decline in house prices, Property which was worth a $Million might have fetched the bank only $200,000 thus resulting in a netloss of $600,000 and the interest which A had failed to pay which actually resulted in forcing the bank to dispose A's Asset.

Finally, One can Get a House in the U.S at a price of an Airticket!!!!!! Sounds strange but its true, The Housing bubble burst had hit the U.S. Homes such badly!

Moreover, The concept of C.D.O. had actually resulted in making huge profits few years back, but due to the down trend Many Mortgage banks which had resorted to sanctioning loans on a very large scale had to bear the brunt.

The Banks which were Struck by the Housing Bubble Burst turbulence are-

1.Bear Staines

2.Washington Mutual

3.Wachovia.

4.Fanni Mae.

5. Freddie Mac.

6. Lehmann Brothers.

7.Merill Lynch.

8. AIG - American International Group.

8. Citi Bank ( To a great extent- they managed to survive for this quarter).

Lehmann Brothers which was constantly present in the fortune 500 Companies looks like ended up in Misfortune 500 Companies:-)

Best time to Invest in The US Homes, Ain't it?

I came across an article recently which stated that -" Now u get homes for as low as 1500$ in the US" owing to the Housing Bubble! Remember the prices will recover phenomenally few days after the bail out plan is implemented succesfully and the aftermath of the financial crisis cools down.

In India, Prices have skyrocketed in the past few years, People have already invested upto crores on a single independent villa, then why not think out of the box and invest the same amount which is enought to earn u not a villa but a palatial palace like structures in the US , particularly in the present circumstances? The financial crisis is just an opportunity in disguise for those who are planning to invest, especially from the long term perspective.

The houses being auctioned are being disposed off for a price which everybody could have only dreamt of few years back! Believe me its affordable to the fullest by majority of the population.

Time to start accumulating Stocks!!!!!!!

It is a preconceived notion that one shoud stay away from crashing markets, but i feel its the best time to start accumulating stocks in meagre quantities regularly during the falls and stay invested in the long run.
The mantra of Economics is that- Everything in this world goes through a cycle- ups and downs, when d bottom has reached its time to start moving up and vice versa.

Today's market has got many attractive picks namely-
Rajesh Expo @ 27
Karuturi networks limited@ 16.70
Hdil @ 166
Suzlon @ 153
Jindal Steel and power@ 1250
Jp Associates @ 105
JPHydro @ 40
omaxe@ 95
Unitec@ 98
These are few of the many stocks which seemed to be attractive!
Remember- Ours is a fundamentally strong Market, Volatility is just a temporary phenomenon- a blessing in disguise for new investments. Believe in urself, stay invested!

Crude Tumbles.....

After a long time crude prices seemed to cool down after rallying to about 148$ , Crude tumbled to around 100 $. Nymex crude was trading at around 100$ and brent crude was trading at aroun 98$ a barrell.

As predicted if the crude drops to around 70$ a barrell, the global stock markets might fight its way out of the volatility and end up consolidating as crude oil prices were one of the reasons for the worldwide increase in inflation and cause of volatility.

Most Rewarding Investment during Inflation????????

Inflation- A situation in which there is an increase in the general price level index of the country accompanied by a downfall in the value of money. In simple terms very much money chases very few goods.

Generally people ponder over the mode of investments during Inflation. Fixed deposits are a big no-no because say u invest 1000 and the Bank pays you an interest of 10% , after 1 year ur yield will be 10100/- and if the inflation @ that time is say 12%, then the net worth of your money on maturity will be 10100-1212( 12% of 10100) .

On the other hand say u had 1000 in ur hand n u wished to purchase a commodity whose price was 40 u wud have got 25 no.s of it, n say due to the inflation the price of that commodity increaed to 50, u will end up getting only 20 no.s of it.

I feel that the best way of investment during inflation is to invest in the stock markets after the markets are beaten badly because of inflation. My explanation for the above is that, Say during inflation an essential commodity whose price was 40 previously is now Rs 60/- which means u r paying a premium of 20 per unit of that commodity. On the other hand say a stock which is generally trading at 60 comes down to 30-35 because of inflationary pressure, it means that u r getting a 60 Rs stock at a discount of 25-30 Rs. If you can hold that stock for few days it will easily touch 60 + giving u an impressive return on your investments.

This is another Paradox of the Stockmarkets with relation to the Inflation.

* Zimbabwe recorded the highest inflation in the world with an inflation of 2000% in the Year 2007".

Paradox of Law of Demand : STOCK MARKETS!

One of the biggest paradox of the Law of demand is The Stock Market. This is how it goes, Law of demand states that an increase in price leads to a decline in demand and a decrease in price leads to an increase in demand, but in the Stock Markets say price of share X keeps rising , more and more people try to purchase it at increasing prices resulting in an increase in demand of that particular stock, rather than ignoring to purchase that share at a higher price, as proposed in the Law of Demand , on the other hand say the price of that particular shares starts falling down sharply, more and more people try to sell their holdings resulting in a decline in demand of the stock , rather than buying it at a lower price as proposed in the Law of Demand.



This relationship between the Stock Market and Law of demand is mainly due to the speculations of the people who expect that there is some good news behind a particular scrip due to the rising prices of the share and on the other hand they speculate some bad news as the reason behind the fall ofthat particular script!

Quite Interesting, AIN'T IT ? :-)

Lessons from the Middle East.

It is a well known fact that the oil resources in the middle East are estimated to exhaust in the next quarter of the Century! Oil resources account for more than 90% of their total Exports which means that the progress of the major economies might have to come to a grinding halt. However it was quite interesting to witness the move of the U.A.E. and Saudi Arabia in this regard, They have come up with a Weapon which is likely to be the most rewarding industry of all Time- The Tourism Industry. Statistics reveal that Tourism will be the future! It is expected to become a Multi Million Dollar Industry world wide. UAE has already started its preparation with many Mamoth structres like the Al Burj Tower, A Township in the middle of the Sea and many more. UAE is already known for its huge and palatial Buildings, With the Tourism Development plan being implemented , Its loss arising out of the ehaustion of Oil Resources is likely to be offset by the budding Tourism! On the other hand SAUDI ARABIA , already has the Holy Mecca in its side, The number of people visiting Mecca is also on the rise! Saudi Arabia too has already effectively implemented its Tourism Plans, Dubai Shopping Festival is an example of it- It is considered to be one of the most famous Shopping Festivals of all time. Infrastructural mrvel has been the brain child behind UAE's Plans whcih means they are going to pump in millions of Dollars for the infrastructure amenities. The same is expected with Saudi Arabia too.
Many Middle East nations are likely to follow the steps of the mightyUAE and Saudi Arabia in order to offset the loss of oil resources. Who knows " Middle East" which is known known for its hold on Oil might well be the "Ultimate Tourist Destination " in the future

Investment Gyaan!!!!!!

If you think Only Equity, Mutual Funds, Deposits, Debentures, Bonds, Commercial Papers ...... are the only source of Investments, then we have committed a blunder , The Most precious and rewarding investment in this World is ''I.I" which means Intellectual Investment - Its all about investing in urself and capitalising on it. Intellectual Investment is all about Common Sense, Foresight, Awareness, Innovation,Enterprising, Commitment and "PATIENCE". But lets hit back to realistic and senseful modes of Investment which people all over the world widely accept- The Capital Markets, Real Estates, Trade, Money Markets etc.

"TO BE CONTINUED SOON"